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<title>Photo Rumblings and Whispers</title>
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<item>
  <title>Spectral Imaging</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/spectral-imaging.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Hyperspectral and spectral cameras are used in plant research, crop breeding and in commercial farming, both in the field with drones and in controlled environments. The main limitation to their widespread use is cost. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/spectral-imaging.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2025 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>NIR Sources for Photography</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/NIR-sources.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <a href="../..\_includes/images/ISO_7010_W027.svg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1"><img src="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/_includes/images/ISO_7010_W027.svg" class="img-fluid" width="100"></a> ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/NIR-sources.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 06 Mar 2025 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Mechanic LS720 Ring Lamp</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/Mechanic-LS720.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Ring lights are useful in macro photography and micro photography when even illumination is desired, as there is usually limited room for placing other types of LED lamps or flashes <span class="citation" data-cites="Blaker1978 Durand1977">(Blaker 1978; Durand 1977)</span>. Alternatively small light tents can be used <span class="citation" data-cites="Blaker1978 Durand1977">(Blaker 1978; Durand 1977)</span>. When photographing some types of objects such as electronic circuits or biological samples in water, reflections can be difficult to control by changing the light source position. A traditional approach to control reflections is the use of polariser filters. These are effective only when the incident light is polarised, like sunlight. In the case of artificial light sources, for effective control of reflections polariser filters have to be used both on the lens and on the light source at different rotation angles <span class="citation" data-cites="Blaker1978">(Blaker 1978)</span>. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/Mechanic-LS720.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2025 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Camera spectral response</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/camera-spectral-response/E-M1-fs-spectral-response.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <a href="images/ISO_7010_M001.svg" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1"><img src="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/camera-spectral-response/images/ISO_7010_M001.svg" class="img-fluid" alt="Strong-optical-radiation ISO warning sign." width="75"></a> ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>cameras</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/camera-spectral-response/E-M1-fs-spectral-response.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 19 Dec 2024 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/camera-spectral-response/images/RawDigger-window.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>The nitty-gritty details of macrophotography</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/OM1-focus-bracketing.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In this page code chunks can be “folded” so as to decrease the clutter. Above each plot, table or other R-code output you may find one or more “folded” code chunks signalled by a small triangle followed by “Code”. Clicking on the triangle “unfolds” folded chunks making the R code that produced the printed values, plots or tables visible. Clicking on the same icon on an “unfolded” chunk, folds it hiding the code. ]]></description>
  <category>macro photography</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/OM1-focus-bracketing.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 10 Feb 2024 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/images/log-stack.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>PWM dimming and digital photography</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/PWM-banding-readout.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ This page is partly based on a post I wrote in 2017 and also includes some material from an article that was published in the UV4Plants Bulleting titled <a href="https://doi.org/10.19232/uv4pb.2018.1.12"><em>Using LEDs: drivers and dimming</em></a>. Please, consult this earlier article for additional information about the different approaches used to adjust the light output of LEDs. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/PWM-banding-readout.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Photographing Insects: Lenses</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lenses/lenses-for-insects.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I updated this page from 2017 by adding an account of my experience with the equipment I have used in the last six years. I have kept some of the earlier information as it can be useful to owners of older equipment or to readers wishing to save money by relying on second-hand equipment. ]]></description>
  <category>macro photography</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lenses/lenses-for-insects.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 27 Aug 2023 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Flexible and oversized lens hoods</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lenshoods/oversized-lens-hoods.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I wrote this web page using two of my posts from 2018 and 2019 as its base. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>lens hoods</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lenshoods/oversized-lens-hoods.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 12 May 2023 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>UV short-pass filter stacks</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/UV-filter-stacks.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In this page code chunks can be “folded” so as to decrease the clutter. Above each plot, table or other R-code output you may find one or more “folded” code chunks signalled by a small triangle followed by “Code”. Clicking on the triangle “unfolds” folded chunks making the R code that produced the printed values, plots or tables visible. Clicking on the same icon on an “unfolded” chunk, folds it hiding the code. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/UV-filter-stacks.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 14 Apr 2023 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>UV short-pass filters</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/UV-filters.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In this page code chunks can be “folded” so as to decrease the clutter. Above each plot, table or other R-code output you may find one or more “folded” code chunks signalled by a small triangle followed by “Code”. Clicking on the triangle “unfolds” folded chunks making the R code that produced the printed values, plots or tables visible. Clicking on the same icon on an “unfolded” chunk, folds it hiding the code. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/UV-filters.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 13 Apr 2023 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Notes on the OM-1 (digital) camera</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/OM1-notes.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Quite a lot had been already written in the internet by April 2023 about the OM System’s OM-1 camera when I published this post. I wrote down here some notes comparing the OM-1 to the E-M1 Mk II and highlighting some use cases and things that one needs to remember when using some of the special features of the camera. I have later updated this post as I have used additional features and improvements were implemented in firmware updates. Although these note were originally intended for myself, I have added some explanations and published in the hope that other users may find them useful. I haven’t used the OM-1 Mk II camera, but much of what I have written below should also apply to the new model. Here I focus on photography while the biggest performance improvements in the Mk II update seem to be related to video. ]]></description>
  <category>cameras</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/OM1-notes.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 11 Apr 2023 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/cameras/images/OM-1-menu.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>UV-A-Induced VIS Fluorescence—Methods</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/fluorescence/uvaivf-methods.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ <img src="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/_includes/images/ISO_7010_W027.svg" class="img-fluid" alt="Strong-optical-radiation ISO warning sign." width="100"> <img src="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/_includes/images/ISO_7010_M004.svg" class="img-fluid" alt="Eye protection sign." width="100"> ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/fluorescence/uvaivf-methods.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2022 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <media:content url="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/fluorescence/images/lichens-UVIVF-01.jpg" medium="image" type="image/jpeg"/>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Small fill/video LED lights</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/led-fill-lights-2.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In 2018 I wrote a post comparing the Sunwayfoto Fill Light FL96 and the Aputure Amaran AL-M9 mini LED light. In 2025 they are both still available new. Meanwhile Sunwayfoto has released a few variations on the original model, the FL96 C with batteries with increased capacity and faster charging through USB-C, and in the case of the FL120, slightly higher light output and power-bank function. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/led-fill-lights-2.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2022 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Broad band VIS+NIR LEDs</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/vis-nir-led.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In this page code chunks can be “folded” so as to decrease the clutter. Above each plot, table or other R-code output you may find one or more “folded” code chunks signalled by a small triangle followed by “Code”. Clicking on the triangle “unfolds” folded chunks making the R code that produced the printed values, plots or tables visible. Clicking on the same icon on an “unfolded” chunk, folds it hiding the code. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>illumination</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/illumination/vis-nir-led.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 24 Oct 2021 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>NIR long-pass filters</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/NIR-filters.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I have updated this page when transferring it to Quarto. I changed the plots to be built in R within the R markdown source file. As a result the page now also includes the listing of the R code used to create all plots. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/NIR-filters.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 2021 22:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Hemispherical time-lapse under a tree</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/time-lapse/time-lapse-under-a-tree.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ In two earlier posts titled <a href="../../pages/lens-adapters/OWL-lens-adapter.html">Lens adapter with filter drawer</a> and <a href="../../pages/lens-adapters/adapters-lens-to-flange-distance.html">Lens adapters: flange-to-flange distance</a> I discussed how crucial it is to achieve the exact effective flange-to-flange distance when dealing with adapted objectives with a very short focal distance. I also described how I shimmed an adapter to achieve this. ]]></description>
  <category>techniques</category>
  <category>time-lapse</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/time-lapse/time-lapse-under-a-tree.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2020 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Lens Adapters: Flange-to-Flange Distance</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lens-adapters/adapters-lens-to-flange-distance.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ Today I received a “K&amp;F Canon EOS-M4/3 PRO” adapter I bought at <a href="https://www.kentfaith.com">https://www.kentfaith.com</a>. This is a new design advertised as being of <em>high precision</em>. I was specially interested as this is one of the very few or maybe the only series of relatively low cost adapters with a non-reflective black interior finish. This is is important to prevent reflections that otherwise degrade image contrast or create flare and ghost images. Please see <a href="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/2017/09/macro-extension-tubes-for-mft-glare/">Black anodised aluminium in IR</a> and <a href="https://www.photo-spectrum.info/2017/07/commlite-products-not-what-they-seem/">Commlite products: how I wasted my money.</a>. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>lens adapters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lens-adapters/adapters-lens-to-flange-distance.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2020 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>Lens Adapter with Filter Drawer</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lens-adapters/OWL-lens-adapter.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I describe here my experience with the DEO-TECH OWL EF/MFT lens adapter. The adapter is available mainly through astronomy web stores and seems to be currently distributed by Optolong. It is also available on special order at B&amp;H photo video and possibly other large shops. Development of the adapter was initially funded through Kickstart crowd funding. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>lens adapters</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/lens-adapters/OWL-lens-adapter.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2020 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>UV-cut filters</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/uv-cut-filters.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I have substantially updated this page when transferring it to Quarto. I added data I have collected in the meantime, and changed the plots to be built in R within the R markdown source file. As a result the page now also includes the listing of the R code used to create all plots. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/uv-cut-filters.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2020 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>UV-IR-cut filters</title>
  <dc:creator>Pedro J. Aphalo</dc:creator>
  <link>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/uvir-cut-filters.html</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ I have updated this page when transferring it to Quarto. I added data I have collected in the meantime, and changed the plots to be built in R within the R markdown source file. As a result the page now also includes the listing of the R code used to create all plots. ]]></description>
  <category>equipment</category>
  <category>filters</category>
  <guid>https://www.photo-spectrum.info/pages/filters/uvir-cut-filters.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2020 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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